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Joseph E. Murray, MD, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990. He received one of the few Nobel awards given for clinical milestones. The Nobel Prize recognized three achievements, all of which were critical developments in organ transplantation: he performed the first successful organ transplant between the Herrick twins in 1954, demonstrating the technical feasibility of organ transplantation; in 1959, Dr. Murray performed the first allogeneic, non-identical twin transplant; and in 1962 he also performed the first deceased donor transplant procured from a donor after cardiac death and treated with chemical immunosuppression.